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Django

Web Framework Python

3 Weeks - Complete Guide

Web framework Python yang powerful, cepat, dan scalable

Overview

Tujuan Pembelajaran

Memahami konsep MVC/MVT di Django
Mampu setup project Django
Membuat models, views, dan templates
Mengerti URL routing dan forms
Mengerti Django ORM
Mengerti admin dan authentication

Kenapa Django?

Batteries Included - Semua yang dibutuhkan sudah ada
Security - Built-in protection
Scalable - Used by Instagram, Pinterest
Documentation - Sangat lengkap
Python - Easy to learn

Minggu 1 - Setup

Install Django

Via pip

# Install Django
pip install django

# Cek versi
django-admin --version

Via uv (recommended)

pip install uv
uv pip install django

Virtual Environment

# Buat venv
python -m venv myenv

# Activate
source myenv/bin/activate  # Linux/Mac
myenv\Scripts\activate     # Windows

# Install Django
pip install django

Minggu 1

Buat Project

# Buat project baru
django-admin startproject myproject

# Masuk ke folder
cd myproject

# Struktur project
myproject/
├── manage.py
└── myproject/
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── settings.py
    ├── urls.py
    ├── asgi.py
    └── wsgi.py

Run Server

python manage.py runserver

# Atau dengan port spesifik
python manage.py runserver 8080

Buka http://127.0.0.1:8000 untuk melihat project!

Minggu 1

Django Apps

Buat App

python manage.py startapp blog

Struktur App

blog/
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── apps.py
├── migrations/
├── models.py
├── tests.py
└── views.py

Register App

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'blog',
]

Minggu 1

Models

Models adalah representasi database dalam Python

# blog/models.py
from django.db import models

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    content = models.TextField()
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    published = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

Field Types

CharField, TextField
IntegerField, FloatField
BooleanField
DateField, DateTimeField
ForeignKey, ManyToManyField
ImageField, FileField

Minggu 1

Migration

# Buat migration
python manage.py makemigrations

# Lihat SQL yang akan dijalankan
python manage.py sqlmigrate blog 0001

# Jalankan migration
python manage.py migrate

Undo Migration

# Rollback ke migration tertentu
python manage.py migrate blog 0001

# Cek status
python manage.py showmigrations

Reset Database

# Hapus semua migration
python manage.py migrate blog zero

Minggu 1

Django Admin

Create Superuser

python manage.py createsuperuser

Register Models

# blog/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Post

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('title', 'published', 'created_at')
    list_filter = ('published', 'created_at')
    search_fields = ('title', 'content')

Akses Admin

# Buka: http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin

Minggu 1

Views

# blog/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
from .models import Post

def post_list(request):
    posts = Post.objects.filter(published=True)
    return render(request, 'blog/post_list.html', {'posts': posts})

def post_detail(request, pk):
    post = get_object_or_404(Post, pk=pk)
    return render(request, 'blog/post_detail.html', {'post': post})

Function vs Class-Based

Function View: Fleksibel, mudah dipahami
Class-Based View: Reusable, DRY

Minggu 1

URL Routing

App URLs

# blog/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views

app_name = 'blog'

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.post_list, name='post_list'),
    path('post//', views.post_detail, name='post_detail'),
]

Project URLs

# myproject/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('blog/', include('blog.urls')),
]

Minggu 2

Templates

Template Structure

templates/
└── blog/
    ├── base.html
    ├── post_list.html
    └── post_detail.html

Base Template

# templates/base.html
{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>
</head>
<body>
    {% block content %}{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>

Extend Template

# templates/blog/post_list.html
{% extends 'base.html' %}

{% block title %}Blog - Post List{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
    {% for post in posts %}
        <h2>{{ post.title }}</h2>
    {% endfor %}
{% endblock %}

Minggu 2

Django ORM

# Create
Post.objects.create(title="Hello", content="Content")

# Read
Post.objects.all()
Post.objects.get(pk=1)
Post.objects.filter(published=True)
Post.objects.exclude(title="Test")

# Update
post = Post.objects.get(pk=1)
post.title = "New Title"
post.save()

# Delete
post.delete()

# Chaining
Post.objects.filter(published=True).order_by('-created_at')

Lookups

Post.objects.filter(title__contains='Django')
Post.objects.filter(created_at__year=2024)
Post.objects.filter(published=False)

Minggu 2

Forms

Django Forms

# blog/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Post

class PostForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Post
        fields = ['title', 'content', 'published']

View dengan Form

from .forms import PostForm

def post_create(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        form = PostForm(request.POST)
        if form.is_valid():
            form.save()
            return redirect('blog:post_list')
    else:
        form = PostForm()
    return render(request, 'form.html', {'form': form})

Minggu 2

Static Files

Struktur

blog/
└── static/
    ├── css/
    │   └── style.css
    └── images/
        └── logo.png

Di Template

{% load static %}

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'css/style.css' %}">
<img src="{% static 'images/logo.png' %}">

Media Files

# models.py
image = models.ImageField(upload_to='images/')

# settings.py
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'

Minggu 2

Authentication

Setup

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
]

# urls.py
path('accounts/', include('django.contrib.auth.urls'))

Login View

from django.contrib.auth import views as auth_views

path('login/', auth_views.LoginView.as_view(), name='login'),
path('logout/', auth_views.LogoutView.as_view(), name='logout'),

Restrict View

from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required

@login_required
def dashboard(request):
    ...

Minggu 2

Class-Based Views

# blog/views.py
from django.views.generic import ListView, DetailView
from .models import Post

class PostListView(ListView):
    model = Post
    template_name = 'blog/post_list.html'
    context_object_name = 'posts'
    ordering = ['-created_at']

class PostDetailView(DetailView):
    model = Post
    template_name = 'blog/post_detail.html'

URLs untuk CBV

path('', PostListView.as_view(), name='post_list'),
path('post/<int:pk>/', PostDetailView.as_view(), name='post_detail'),

CRUD dengan CBV

CreateView, UpdateView, DeleteView
Template mixins

Minggu 3

Django REST Framework

# Install
pip install djangorestframework

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'rest_framework',
]

Serializers

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Post

class PostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Post
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'content', 'created_at']

API Views

from rest_framework import generics
from .models import Post
from .serializers import PostSerializer

class PostListCreate(generics.ListCreateAPIView):
    queryset = Post.objects.all()
    serializer_class = PostSerializer

Minggu 3

Testing

Write Test

# blog/tests.py
from django.test import TestCase
from .models import Post

class PostModelTest(TestCase):
    def test_str(self):
        post = Post(title='Test', content='Content')
        self.assertEqual(str(post), 'Test')

Run Tests

python manage.py test

# Dengan coverage
pip install coverage
coverage run manage.py test
coverage report

Minggu 3

Deployment

Production Settings

# settings.py
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['yourdomain.com']

# Secrets
# Gunakan environment variables!

Gunicorn

pip install gunicorn
gunicorn myproject.wsgi

Docker

# Dockerfile
FROM python:3.11
WORKDIR /app
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
COPY . .
CMD ["gunicorn", "myproject.wsgi"]

Best Practices

Gunakan virtual environment
Jangan commit secrets ke git
Gunakan environment variables
Write tests!
Gunakan CBV untuk CRUD
Struktur project yang baik

Environment Variables

# .env
SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key
DEBUG=False
DATABASE_URL=postgres://...

# settings.py
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv()
SECRET_KEY = os.getenv('SECRET_KEY')

Cheat Sheet

Commands

# Project & App
django-admin startproject myproject
python manage.py startapp blog

# Database
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

# Run
python manage.py runserver
python manage.py createsuperuser

# Testing
python manage.py test

Quick References

# ORM
Post.objects.all()
Post.objects.filter()
Post.objects.get(pk=1)

# URL
{% url 'blog:post_detail' pk=post.pk %}

# Template
{% for %}{% endfor %}
{% if %}{% endif %}
{% block %}{% endblock %}

🎉 Selesai!

Next Steps

1. Practice: buat blog app

2. Pelajari Django REST Framework

3. Explore: Django Channels, Celery

4. Build project portfolio

Advanced

Django REST Framework - Viewsets & Routers

Viewsets

# blog/viewsets.py
from rest_framework import viewsets, permissions
from .models import Post
from .serializers import PostSerializer

class PostViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    queryset = Post.objects.all()
    serializer_class = PostSerializer
    permission_classes = [permissions.IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly]

    # Custom actions
    @action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
    def publish(self, request, pk=None):
        post = self.get_object()
        post.published = True
        post.save()
        return Response({'status': 'published'})

Routers

# blog/urls.py
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
from .viewsets import PostViewSet

router = DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'posts', PostViewSet)

urlpatterns = [
    path('api/', include(router.urls)),
]

# Generated URLs:
# GET    /api/posts/           -> list
# POST   /api/posts/           -> create
# GET    /api/posts/{id}/      -> retrieve
# PUT    /api/posts/{id}/      -> update
# DELETE /api/posts/{id}/      -> destroy
# POST   /api/posts/{id}/publish/ -> custom action

Nested Routers

# comments/urls.py
router = NestedDefaultRouter(parent_router, r'posts')
router.register(r'comments', CommentViewSet)

# URLs: /api/posts/{post_id}/comments/{id}/

Benefits: Viewsets + Routers = CRUD dengan kode minimal!

Advanced

Django Signals

Common Signals

# post_save - setelah model.save()
# pre_save - sebelum model.save()
# post_delete - setelah model.delete()
# pre_delete - sebelum model.delete()
# m2m_changed - ManyToMany changed
# pre_init, post_init - model instantiation

Contoh: Auto Create Profile

# accounts/signals.py
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.dispatch import receiver

User = get_user_model()

@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def create_user_profile(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
    if created:
        Profile.objects.create(user=instance)

@receiver(post_save, sender=User)
def save_user_profile(sender, instance, **kwargs):
    if hasattr(instance, 'profile'):
        instance.profile.save()

Contoh: Cache Invalidation

@receiver(post_save, sender=Post)
def invalidate_post_cache(sender, instance, **kwargs):
    cache.delete(f'post_{instance.pk}')
    cache.delete('all_posts')

@receiver(post_delete, sender=Post)
def invalidate_post_cache_delete(sender, instance, **kwargs):
    cache.delete(f'post_{instance.pk}')
    cache.delete('all_posts')

Signals vs Overriding save()

Signals	Override save()
Loose coupling	Tightly coupled
Reusable di app lain	Specific ke model
Hard to trace	Easier to follow
Testing butuh mocking	Testing langsung

Best Practice: Gunakan signals untuk cross-app concerns, override save() untuk model-specific logic!

Django

Tujuan Pembelajaran

Kenapa Django?

Install Django

Via pip

Via uv (recommended)

Virtual Environment

Buat Project

Run Server

Django Apps

Buat App

Struktur App

Register App

Models

Field Types

Migration

Undo Migration

Reset Database

Django Admin

Create Superuser

Register Models

Akses Admin

Views

Function vs Class-Based

URL Routing

App URLs

Project URLs

Templates

Template Structure

Base Template

Extend Template

Django ORM

Lookups

Forms

Django Forms

View dengan Form

Static Files

Struktur

Di Template

Media Files

Authentication

Setup

Login View

Restrict View

Class-Based Views

URLs untuk CBV

CRUD dengan CBV

Django REST Framework

Serializers

API Views

Testing

Write Test

Run Tests

Deployment

Production Settings

Gunicorn

Docker

Best Practices

Environment Variables

Commands

Quick References

🎉 Selesai!

Django REST Framework - Viewsets & Routers

Viewsets

Routers

Nested Routers

Django Signals

Common Signals

Contoh: Auto Create Profile

Contoh: Cache Invalidation

Signals vs Overriding save()

Kuis: Django