Nix Learning Curriculum

Dari Dasar hingga Mahir

4 Minggu - 20 Hari - Complete Guide

Nix adalah package manager powerful yang juga bisa digunakan sebagai OS configuration tool

Overview

Tujuan Pembelajaran

5

Target

4

Minggu

Goals

Memahami konsep dasar Nix
Mampu menggunakan Nix sebagai package manager
Membuat Nix expressions dan derivations
Menggunakan NixOS untuk system configuration
Membangun environment reproducible dengan Nix flakes

Minggu 1

Dasar-Dasar Nix

Jadwal Minggu 1

Hari	Topik	Praktik
1	Pengenalan Nix	Apa itu Nix? Sejarah, ekosistem
2	Instalasi	Install Nix di Linux/macOS/WSL
3	Package Management Dasar	nix-env -i, nix-search, nix-channel
4	Run Commands	nix run, nix-shell
5	Nix Store	Memahami /nix/store

Minggu 1 - Hari 1

Kenapa Nix?

Definisi: Nix adalah package manager dan OS configuration tool yang powerful

Keunggulan Nix

Reproducible - Environment sama di mana saja
Atomic - Upgrade/rollback aman
Declarative - State yang diinginkan, bukan cara mendapatkannya
Pure - Input sama - Output sama

Ekosistem Nix

nix - Package manager
nix-darwin - macOS configuration
NixOS - Linux distribution

Minggu 1 - Hari 2

Instalasi Nix

Install Nix (Single-User Mode)

# Install Nix
sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --no-daemon

# Aktifkan flakes (edit ~/.config/nix/nix.conf)
experimental-features = nix-command flakes

# Verify
nix --version

Catatan: Untuk multi-user installation, gunakan tanpa flag --no-daemon

Konfigurasi Awal

# Buat config directory
mkdir -p ~/.config/nix

# Edit nix.conf
echo "experimental-features = nix-command flakes" > ~/.config/nix/nix.conf

Minggu 1 - Hari 3-4

Package Management Dasar

Cari - Install Package

# Cari package
nix search nixpkgs vim

# Install package (ke user profile)
nix-env -iA nixpkgs.vim

# List installed packages
nix-env -q

# Uninstall
nix-env -e vim

# Upgrade semua
nix-env -u

Run Tanpa Install

# Run tanpa install
nix run nixpkgs#vim

# Shell sementara dengan dependencies
nix-shell -p vim git

Tips: Gunakan nix run untuk mencoba aplikasi tanpa menginstall

Minggu 1 - Hari 5

Nix Store

Apa itu Nix Store? Direktori khusus tempat Nix menyimpan semua package (/nix/store)

Struktur Nix Store

/nix/store/
├── 1a2b3c...-vim-9.0/     # Each package has hash
├── 4d5e6f...-gcc-13.2.0/
└── ...hash...-glibc-2.38/

Karakteristik

Content-addressable - Hash menentukan content
Garbage Collection - Bersihkan package yang tidak terpakai
Generations - Timeline perubahan sistem

Commands Penting

# Garbage collection
nix-collect-garbage -d

# List generations
nix-env --list-generations

Minggu 2

Nix Expressions - Derivations

Jadwal Minggu 2

Hari	Topik	Praktik
1	Nix Language Basics	Syntax, types, functions
2	Nix Expressions	Memahami .nix files
3	Build dari awalDerivations>
4	Build Pipeline	Builder scripts, phases
5	Kuis - Latihan	Build package sederhana

Minggu 2 - Hari 1

Nix Language Basics

Tipe Data

123                     # integer
"hello"                 # string
[1 2 3]                 # list
{ a = 1; b = 2; }       # attribute set
true / false            # boolean

Let Expression

let
  x = 1;
  y = 2;
in x + y  # = 3

Function

add = x: y: x + y
add 1 2  # = 3

# With statement
with builtins; min 1 2  # = 1

# If
if true then "yes" else "no"

# String interpolation
name = "world";
"hello ${name}"  # = "hello world"

Minggu 2 - Hari 2

Nix Expressions

Nix Expression adalah cara declarative untuk mendeskripsikan package dan environment

Contoh hello.nix

{ pkgs ? import  {} }:

pkgs.mkShell {
  name = "hello-env";
  buildInputs = [ pkgs.hello pkgs.git ];
}

Cara Menggunakan

# Build dan masuk shell
nix-shell hello.nix

# Atau build
nix-build hello.nix
./result/bin/hello

Minggu 2 - Hari 3-4

Derivations

Derivation adalah deskripsi build process dalam Nix - bagaimana membuat sebuah package

Contoh my-derivation.nix

{ stdenv, fetchurl }:

stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
  pname = "hello";
  version = "2.12.1";
  src = fetchurl {
    url = "https://ftp.gnu.org/hello/hello-${version}.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "sha256-...=";
  };
  
  configureFlags = [ "--prefix=${placeholder "out"}" ];
  
  meta = with stdenv.lib; {
    description = "A GNU Hello world program";
    homepage = "https://www.gnu.org/software/hello/";
    license = licenses.gpl3;
  };
}

Build

nix-build my-derivation.nix

Minggu 3

NixOS - Configuration

Jadwal Minggu 3

Hari	Topik	Praktik
1	NixOS Concepts	Declarative system configuration
2	Configuration.nix	Setup dasar (users, packages, services)
3	Modules	Membuat module sendiri
4	Option Types	Types di NixOS options
5	Modules Reusable	Import/export modules

Minggu 3 - Hari 1-2

NixOS Configuration

/etc/nixos/configuration.nix

{ config, pkgs, ... }:

{
  # Boot
  boot.loader.grub.enable = true;
  boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda";

  # Networking
  networking.hostName = "myhost";
  networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 80 443 ];

  # Users
  users.users.alice = {
    isNormalUser = true;
    extraGroups = [ "wheel" ];
  };

  # Packages
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    vim
    git
    curl
  ];

  # Services
  services.openssh.enable = true;
  services.nginx.enable = true;

  # Timezone
  time.timeZone = "Asia/Jakarta";
}

Apply - Rollback

# Apply configuration
sudo nixos-rebuild switch

# Rollback
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --rollback

# Upgrade
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade

Minggu 4

Flakes - Advanced

Jadwal Minggu 4

Hari	Topik	Praktik
1	Flakes Intro	Apa itu flakes? flake.nix, flake.lock
2	NixOS Modules with Flakes	Modern NixOS setup
3	Home Manager	User config dengan Nix
4	DevShells	Development environments
5	Project Summary	Deploy project nyata

Minggu 4 - Hari 1

Flakes

Flakes adalah fitur experimental yang menyediakan cara baru untuk mengelola Nix projects dengan dependency tracking yang lebih baik

flake.nix

{
  description = "My NixOS Configuration";

  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.05";
    home-manager.url = "github:nix-community/home-manager";
    home-manager.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
  };

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, home-manager, ... }:
    let
      system = "x86_64-linux";
      pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
    in
    {
      nixosConfigurations.myhost = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        system = system;
        modules = [ ./configuration.nix ];
      };
    };
}

Flakes Commands

nix flake show        # Show flake outputs
nix flake update      # Update inputs

Minggu 4 - Hari 4

DevShells

DevShells adalah development environment yang reproducible menggunakan Nix flakes

Contoh DevShell di flake.nix

devShells.${system}.default = pkgs.mkShell {
  packages = [
    pkgs.nodejs_20
    pkgs.yarn
    pkgs.python3
    pkgs.postgresql
  ];
  
  # Environment variables
  GREETING = "Hello from Nix!";
  
  # Shell hook
  shellHook = ''
    echo "Dev shell activated!"
  '';
};

Cara Menggunakan

# Enter dev shell
nix develop

# Or with custom name
nix develop .#myapp

Minggu 4 - Hari 3

Home Manager

Home Manager adalah tool untuk mengelola user configuration (dotfiles, packages, settings) menggunakan Nix

Contoh home.nix

{ config, pkgs, ... }:

{
  home.username = "alice";
  home.homeDirectory = "/home/alice";

  # Packages
  home.packages = with pkgs; [
    vim
    fish
    starship
  ];

  # Programs
  programs.fish.enable = true;
  programs.starship.enable = true;
  programs.git.enable = true;

  # Dotfiles
  home.file.".vimrc".source = ./vimrc;

  home.stateVersion = "24.05";
}

Reference

Cheat Sheet

Package Management

nix search nixpkgs <package>      # Cari package
nix-env -iA nixpkgs.<package>     # Install
nix-env -e <package>              # Uninstall
nix-env -q                        # List installed

Shell - Run

nix-shell -p <packages>           # Shell dengan packages
nix run nixpkgs#<package>        # Run tanpa install

Build

nix-build <file.nix>             # Build derivation
nix develop                       # Enter dev shell

NixOS

nixos-rebuild switch              # Apply config
nixos-rebuild switch --rollback   # Rollback

Garbage Collection

nix-collect-garbage -d           # Clean up

Reference

Referensi

Official

Learning Resources

Tools

search.nix.dev - Package search
mynixos.com - Config search

Final

Next Steps

Setelah Mahir

Deploy ke VPS - NixOS di cloud
Build custom ISO - NixOS dengan config sendiri
NixOps - NixOS deployment
Cachix - Binary cache untuk CI/CD
Contribute ke nixpkgs - Open source!

Selamat! Anda telah menyelesaikan Nix Learning Curriculum. Practice makes perfect!