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Nix Learning Curriculum

Dari Dasar hingga Mahir

4 Minggu - 20 Hari - Complete Guide

Nix adalah package manager powerful yang juga bisa digunakan sebagai OS configuration tool

Overview

Tujuan Pembelajaran

5

Target

4

Minggu

Goals

Minggu 1

Dasar-Dasar Nix

Jadwal Minggu 1

Hari Topik Praktik
1 Pengenalan Nix Apa itu Nix? Sejarah, ekosistem
2 Instalasi Install Nix di Linux/macOS/WSL
3 Package Management Dasar nix-env -i, nix-search, nix-channel
4 Run Commands nix run, nix-shell
5 Nix Store Memahami /nix/store
Minggu 1 - Hari 1

Kenapa Nix?

Definisi: Nix adalah package manager dan OS configuration tool yang powerful

Keunggulan Nix

Ekosistem Nix

Minggu 1 - Hari 2

Instalasi Nix

Install Nix (Single-User Mode)

# Install Nix
sh <(curl -L https://nixos.org/nix/install) --no-daemon

# Aktifkan flakes (edit ~/.config/nix/nix.conf)
experimental-features = nix-command flakes

# Verify
nix --version
Catatan: Untuk multi-user installation, gunakan tanpa flag --no-daemon

Konfigurasi Awal

# Buat config directory
mkdir -p ~/.config/nix

# Edit nix.conf
echo "experimental-features = nix-command flakes" > ~/.config/nix/nix.conf
Minggu 1 - Hari 3-4

Package Management Dasar

Cari - Install Package

# Cari package
nix search nixpkgs vim

# Install package (ke user profile)
nix-env -iA nixpkgs.vim

# List installed packages
nix-env -q

# Uninstall
nix-env -e vim

# Upgrade semua
nix-env -u

Run Tanpa Install

# Run tanpa install
nix run nixpkgs#vim

# Shell sementara dengan dependencies
nix-shell -p vim git
Tips: Gunakan nix run untuk mencoba aplikasi tanpa menginstall
Minggu 1 - Hari 5

Nix Store

Apa itu Nix Store? Direktori khusus tempat Nix menyimpan semua package (/nix/store)

Struktur Nix Store

/nix/store/
β”œβ”€β”€ 1a2b3c...-vim-9.0/     # Each package has hash
β”œβ”€β”€ 4d5e6f...-gcc-13.2.0/
└── ...hash...-glibc-2.38/

Karakteristik

Commands Penting

# Garbage collection
nix-collect-garbage -d

# List generations
nix-env --list-generations
Minggu 2

Nix Expressions - Derivations

Jadwal Minggu 2

Hari Topik Praktik
1 Nix Language Basics Syntax, types, functions
2 Nix Expressions Memahami .nix files
3 Build dari awalDerivations>
4 Build Pipeline Builder scripts, phases
5 Kuis - Latihan Build package sederhana
Minggu 2 - Hari 1

Nix Language Basics

Tipe Data

123                     # integer
"hello"                 # string
[1 2 3]                 # list
{ a = 1; b = 2; }       # attribute set
true / false            # boolean

Let Expression

let
  x = 1;
  y = 2;
in x + y  # = 3

Function

add = x: y: x + y
add 1 2  # = 3

# With statement
with builtins; min 1 2  # = 1

# If
if true then "yes" else "no"

# String interpolation
name = "world";
"hello ${name}"  # = "hello world"
Minggu 2 - Hari 2

Nix Expressions

Nix Expression adalah cara declarative untuk mendeskripsikan package dan environment

Contoh hello.nix

{ pkgs ? import  {} }:

pkgs.mkShell {
  name = "hello-env";
  buildInputs = [ pkgs.hello pkgs.git ];
}

Cara Menggunakan

# Build dan masuk shell
nix-shell hello.nix

# Atau build
nix-build hello.nix
./result/bin/hello
Minggu 2 - Hari 3-4

Derivations

Derivation adalah deskripsi build process dalam Nix - bagaimana membuat sebuah package

Contoh my-derivation.nix

{ stdenv, fetchurl }:

stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
  pname = "hello";
  version = "2.12.1";
  src = fetchurl {
    url = "https://ftp.gnu.org/hello/hello-${version}.tar.gz";
    sha256 = "sha256-...=";
  };

  configureFlags = [ "--prefix=${placeholder "out"}" ];

  meta = with stdenv.lib; {
    description = "A GNU Hello world program";
    homepage = "https://www.gnu.org/software/hello/";
    license = licenses.gpl3;
  };
}

Build

nix-build my-derivation.nix
Minggu 3

NixOS - Configuration

Jadwal Minggu 3

Hari Topik Praktik
1 NixOS Concepts Declarative system configuration
2 Configuration.nix Setup dasar (users, packages, services)
3 Modules Membuat module sendiri
4 Option Types Types di NixOS options
5 Modules Reusable Import/export modules
Minggu 3 - Hari 1-2

NixOS Configuration

/etc/nixos/configuration.nix

{ config, pkgs, ... }:

{
  # Boot
  boot.loader.grub.enable = true;
  boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda";

  # Networking
  networking.hostName = "myhost";
  networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 80 443 ];

  # Users
  users.users.alice = {
    isNormalUser = true;
    extraGroups = [ "wheel" ];
  };

  # Packages
  environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
    vim
    git
    curl
  ];

  # Services
  services.openssh.enable = true;
  services.nginx.enable = true;

  # Timezone
  time.timeZone = "Asia/Jakarta";
}

Apply - Rollback

# Apply configuration
sudo nixos-rebuild switch

# Rollback
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --rollback

# Upgrade
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --upgrade
Minggu 4

Flakes - Advanced

Jadwal Minggu 4

Hari Topik Praktik
1 Flakes Intro Apa itu flakes? flake.nix, flake.lock
2 NixOS Modules with Flakes Modern NixOS setup
3 Home Manager User config dengan Nix
4 DevShells Development environments
5 Project Summary Deploy project nyata
Minggu 4 - Hari 1

Flakes

Flakes adalah fitur experimental yang menyediakan cara baru untuk mengelola Nix projects dengan dependency tracking yang lebih baik

flake.nix

{
  description = "My NixOS Configuration";

  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.05";
    home-manager.url = "github:nix-community/home-manager";
    home-manager.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
  };

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, home-manager, ... }:
    let
      system = "x86_64-linux";
      pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
    in
    {
      nixosConfigurations.myhost = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        system = system;
        modules = [ ./configuration.nix ];
      };
    };
}

Flakes Commands

nix flake show        # Show flake outputs
nix flake update      # Update inputs
Minggu 4 - Hari 4

DevShells

DevShells adalah development environment yang reproducible menggunakan Nix flakes

Contoh DevShell di flake.nix

devShells.${system}.default = pkgs.mkShell {
  packages = [
    pkgs.nodejs_20
    pkgs.yarn
    pkgs.python3
    pkgs.postgresql
  ];

  # Environment variables
  GREETING = "Hello from Nix!";

  # Shell hook
  shellHook = ''
    echo "Dev shell activated!"
  '';
};

Cara Menggunakan

# Enter dev shell
nix develop

# Or with custom name
nix develop .#myapp
Minggu 4 - Hari 3

Home Manager

Home Manager adalah tool untuk mengelola user configuration (dotfiles, packages, settings) menggunakan Nix

Contoh home.nix

{ config, pkgs, ... }:

{
  home.username = "alice";
  home.homeDirectory = "/home/alice";

  # Packages
  home.packages = with pkgs; [
    vim
    fish
    starship
  ];

  # Programs
  programs.fish.enable = true;
  programs.starship.enable = true;
  programs.git.enable = true;

  # Dotfiles
  home.file.".vimrc".source = ./vimrc;

  home.stateVersion = "24.05";
}
Reference

Cheat Sheet

Package Management

nix search nixpkgs <package>      # Cari package
nix-env -iA nixpkgs.<package>     # Install
nix-env -e <package>              # Uninstall
nix-env -q                        # List installed

Shell - Run

nix-shell -p <packages>           # Shell dengan packages
nix run nixpkgs#<package>        # Run tanpa install

Build

nix-build <file.nix>             # Build derivation
nix develop                       # Enter dev shell

NixOS

nixos-rebuild switch              # Apply config
nixos-rebuild switch --rollback   # Rollback

Garbage Collection

nix-collect-garbage -d           # Clean up
Reference

Referensi

Official

Learning Resources

Tools

Final

Next Steps

Setelah Mahir

Selamat! Anda telah menyelesaikan Nix Learning Curriculum. Practice makes perfect!
Advanced

NixOS Configuration Deep Dive

/etc/nixos/configuration.nix Structure

{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:

{
  imports = [
    # Import other modules
    ./hardware-configuration.nix
    ./networking.nix
  ];

  # Boot Configuration
  boot.loader.grub.enable = true;
  boot.loader.grub.device = "/dev/sda";
  boot.loader.grub.efiSupport = true;
  boot.loader.grub.efiInstallAsRemovable = true;

  # Systemd Services
  systemd.services.my-service = {
    enable = true;
    description = "My Custom Service";
    wantedBy = [ "multi-user.target" ];
    serviceConfig = {
      ExecStart = "${pkgs.myapp}/bin/myapp";
      Restart = "always";
    };
  };

  # Users & Groups
  users.users.alice = {
    isNormalUser = true;
    description = "Alice User";
    extraGroups = [ "wheel" "docker" "networkmanager" ];
    openssh.authorizedKeys.keys = [ "ssh-ed25519 AAAA..." ];
  };

  # Environment Variables
  environment.sessionVariables = {
    EDITOR = "vim";
    VISUAL = "vim";
  };

  # Timezone & Locale
  time.timeZone = "Asia/Jakarta";
  i18n.defaultLocale = "en_US.UTF-8";
}

Enable Systemd Service

# Enable service
services.myapp.enable = true

# Atau manual
sudo systemctl enable myapp
sudo systemctl start myapp
Tips: Gunakan nixos-option untuk cari opsi yang tersedia!
Advanced

Nix Flakes - Advanced Usage

Apa itu Flakes?

Flakes adalah sistem declarative untuk manage Nix projects dengan reproducible builds dan locked dependencies

nix.toml (flake.nix)

{
  description = "My NixOS Config with Flakes";

  inputs = {
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-24.05";
    home-manager = {
      url = "github:nix-community/home-manager";
      inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
    };
    # Overlay
    my-overlay.url = "github:user/my-overlay";
  };

  outputs = { self, nixpkgs, home-manager, ... }@inputs:
    let
      system = "x86_64-linux";
      pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages.${system};
    in
    {
      # NixOS Configuration
      nixosConfigurations.myhost = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
        system = system;
        specialArgs = { inherit inputs; };
        modules = [
          ./hosts/myhost/configuration.nix
          home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
          {
            home-manager.useGlobalPkgs = true;
            home-manager.useUserPackages = true;
            home-manager.users.alice = import ./home/alice.nix;
          }
        ];
      };

      # DevShell for development
      devShells.${system}.default = pkgs.mkShell {
        packages = with pkgs; [
          nodejs_20
          python3
          postgresql
        ];
      };
    };
}

flake.lock

# Lock file otomatisη”Ÿζˆ
# Commit ini untuk reproducibility!
{
  "nodes": {
    "nixpkgs": {
      "locked": {
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
        "rev": "abc123...",
        "type": "github"
      }
    }
  }
}

Commands

nix flake init          # Buat flake baru
nix flake update        # Update inputs
nix flake show          # Show outputs
nix flake check         # Check flake
nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#myhost
Perbedaan dengan nix-channel: Flakes memiliki lock file seperti package.json, tidak ada update otomatis yang tidak diinginkan!

Kuis: Nix

Apa itu nixpkgs?

Apa keunggulan Nix dibanding package manager lain?

Apa fungsi nix-env?